The country has a two-chamber legislature: the lower house State Duma which has 450 deputies; and the upper house Federation Council which has 178 members.
In 2024, Russia held presidential elections. President Vladimir Putin won a fifth six-year term.
The main parties are United Russia; Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF); A Just Russia-For Truth; and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR).
Russia has a population of around 143 million and 113 million registered voters. In the 2021 parliamentary election, voter turnout was 51.5%. Turnout in the 2024 presidential election was 77.4%.